Semi-synthesis procedures

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are improved processes for convening C7-amino-substituted tetracylines to C7-fluoro-substituted tetracyclines as well as intermediates produced by or used in these processes. In one embodiment, a thermal fluorination method is provided in which a suspension comprising a non-polar organic solvent and a C7-diazo-substituted tetracycline hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoarsenate or hexafluorosilicate salt, or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, is healed to provide a C7-fluoro-substituted tetracyline, or salt, solvate or combination thereof. In another embodiment, a photolytic fluorination is provided in which a solution comprising an ionic liquid and a C-7diazo-substituted tetracyline tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate or hexafluorosilicate salt, or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, is irradiated to provide a C7-fluoro-substituted tetracyline, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is the U.S. National Stage of International ApplicationNo. PCT/US2015/057167, filed Oct. 23, 2015, which designates the U.S.,published in English, and claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/067,697, filed on Oct. 23, 2014. The entire teachingsof the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Eravacyline is a tetracycline antibiotic that has demonstrated broadspectrum activity against a wide variety of multi-drug resistantGram-negative, Gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria in humans. In PhaseI and Phase II clinical trials, eravacycline also demonstrated afavorable safety and tolerability profile. In view of its attractivepharmacological profile, synthetic routes to eravacycline and, inparticular, synthetic routes that result in suitable quantities oferavacycline for drug development and manufacturing, are becomingincreasingly important.

As described in International Publication No. WO 2010/017470,eravacycline is conveniently synthesized from 7-fluorosancycline,another tetracycline. 7-Fluorosancycline can be synthesized, in turn,from commercially available 7-aminosancycline or a protected derivativethereof. However, very few procedures for the conversion ofC7-amino-substituted tetracyclines, such as 7-aminosancycline, toC7-fluoro-substituted tetracyclines, such as 7-fluorosancycline, havebeen reported, and those that have are not suitable to be deployed atproduction-scale.

Therefore, there is a need for improved processes, particularly improvedproduction-scale processes, for converting C7-amino-substitutedtetracyclines to C7-fluoro-substituted tetracyclines.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Provided herein are improved processes for convertingC7-amino-substituted tetracyclines to C7-fluoro-substitutedtetracyclines, as well as intermediates produced by or used in theseprocesses.

One embodiment is a compound represented by Structural Formula I:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein values for thevariables are as described and defined herein.

Another embodiment is a method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula II:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, by thermal fluorination. Themethod comprises heating a suspension comprising a non-polar organicsolvent and a compound of Structural Formula I:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, at a temperature of fromabout 95° C. to about 200° C. to provide the compound of StructuralFormula II, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof. Values for thevariables are as described and defined herein.

Yet another embodiment is a method of preparing a compound representedby Structural Formula IIa:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, the method comprising heatinga suspension comprising a perfluorinated organic solvent and a compoundof Structural Formula Ia:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, at a temperature of fromabout 120° C. to about 160° C. to provide the compound of StructuralFormula IIa, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.

Another embodiment is a compound represented by Structural Formula X:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein values for thevariables are as defined and described herein.

Another embodiment is a method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula II, or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, byphotolytic fluorination. The method comprises irradiating a solutioncomprising an ionic liquid and a compound of Structural Formula XI:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to provide the compound ofStructural Formula II, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.Values for the variables are as described and defined herein.

Yet another embodiment is a method of preparing a compound representedby Structural Formula IIa, or a salt, solvate or combination thereof,the method comprising irradiating a solution comprising an ionic liquidand a compound of Structural Formula XIa:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to provide the compound ofStructural Formula IIa or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.Values for the variables are as described and defined herein.

The fluorination methods described herein enable the plant scaleproduction of 7-fluoro-substituted tetracyclines, such as7-fluorosancycline from 7-amino-substituted tetracyclines, such as7-aminosancycline, and represent dramatic improvements over knownmethods for converting C7-amino-substituted tetracyclines, such as7-aminosancycline, to C7-fluoro-substituted tetracyclines, such as7-fluorosancycline. In particular, the methods described hereinsignificantly increase the yield and purity of the fluorinationreaction, and give consistent access to C7-fluoro-substitutedtetracyclines containing less than about 5% of undesired 7-Htetracycline side products. The enhanced purity of the fluorinationreaction enables, for example, the chromatography-free isolation of7-fluorosancycline in high purity, which results, in turn, in a highyield of 7-fluoro-9-nitrosancycline in the subsequent nitration step.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A description of example embodiments of the invention follows.

Compounds, Salts and Solvates

A first embodiment is a compound represented by Structural Formula I:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein:

-   -   X is PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻;    -   Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,        nitro, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl (e.g., hydrogen,        —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl), wherein:

each R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl,—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl and—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or

R^(A) and R^(B) taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they arebound form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the heterocycle orheteroaryl optionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatomsindependently selected from the group consisting of N, S and O;

each R^(D) and each R^(E) is independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl orheteroaryl, or

R^(D) and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which they arebound form a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, or a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl,wherein the heterocyclyl formed by R^(D) and R^(E) optionally comprisesone to two additional heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, S and O;

R^(F) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl,carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and

m is 0, 1 or 2, wherein:

each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl), —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN;

each alkyl in the group represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and R^(E) isoptionally and independently substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—OH, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein

each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in the grouprepresented by R^(G) is optionally and independently substituted withone or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, halo, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In a first aspect of the first embodiment. X is PF₆ ⁻. Values andalternative values for the remaining variables are as defined in thefirst embodiment.

In a second aspect of the first embodiment, Y is hydrogen. Values andalternative values for the remaining variables are as defined in thefirst embodiment, or first aspect thereof.

In a third aspect of the first embodiment, the compound of StructuralFormula I is represented by Structural Formula Ib:

or a solvate thereof.

In a fourth aspect of the first embodiment, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl. Values and alternative valuesfor the remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, orfirst aspect through third aspects thereof.

In a fifth aspect of the first embodiment, Y is—N(H)—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl. Values and alternative values for theremaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, or firstaspect through fourth aspects thereof.

In a sixth aspect of the first embodiment, the compound is representedby Structural Formula Ic:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Values and alternative valuesfor the remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, orfirst through fifth aspects thereof.

In a seventh aspect of the first embodiment, the compound is representedby Structural Formula Ia:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof.

A second embodiment is a compound represented by Structural Formula I,or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein Y is—N(R^(F))—C(O)—CH₂—N(R¹)(R²), wherein:

-   -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, aryl,        aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, aryloxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, arylthio(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        arylsulfinyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, arylsulfonyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl; or    -   R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded form a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, or a        monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic or spiro bicyclic        heterocycle, wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycle optionally        contains one or two additional heteroatoms independently        selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, wherein    -   each alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy and cycloalkoxy moiety in the        groups represented by R¹ and R² and each heterocycle represented        by NR¹R² taken together is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,        (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —N(R³)(R⁴); and    -   each aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylsufinyl and arylsulfonyl        moiety in the groups represented by R¹ and R² and each        heteroaryl represented by NR¹R² taken together is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —S(O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R³)(R⁴); —CN,        halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from the group        consisting of —H and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein the (C₁-C₄)alkyl        represented by R³ and R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl. Values and alternative values for the        remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, or        any aspect thereof.

In a first aspect of the second embodiment, R¹ is hydrogen or(C₁-C₄)alkyl. Values and alternative values for the remaining variablesare as defined in the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof, or thesecond embodiment.

In a second aspect of the second embodiment, R¹ is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl. Values and alternativevalues for the remaining variables are as defined in the firstembodiment, or any aspect thereof, or the second embodiment, or firstaspect thereof.

In a third aspect of the second embodiment, R² is selected from thegroup consisting of (C₁-C₇)alkyl, (C₁-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, phenyl, phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyland halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy and cycloalkyl moietyin the groups represented by R² is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of(C₁-C₄)alkyl and halo; and each phenyl moiety in the groups representedby R² is optionally substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, andhalo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy. Values and alternative values for the remainingvariables are as defined in the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof,or the second embodiment, or first or second aspect thereof.

In a fourth aspect of the second embodiment, R is selected from thegroup consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl,cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, phenyl, benzyl, —(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃,—(CH₂)₃—OCH₃, —C(CH₃)₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂C(CH₃)₃, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂—CF₃,—(CH₂)₂—CH₂F, and —(CH₂)CH₃; n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; wherein thephenyl or benzyl group represented by R² is optionally substituted withone or two substituents independently selected from the group consistingof (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halogen, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN,halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy. Values and alternative valuesfor the remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, orany aspect thereof, or the second embodiment, or first through thirdaspects thereof.

In a fifth aspect of the second embodiment, R² is selected from thegroup consisting of cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, —(CH₂)₂—O—CH₃, —C(CH₃)₃, —CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₂—CF₃,—CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, —CH₃ and —CH₂CH₃. Values and alternative values for theremaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, or anyaspect thereof, or the second embodiment, or first through fourthaspects thereof.

In a sixth aspect of the second embodiment, R¹ and R² taken togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a monocyclic orbicyclic heteroaryl, or a monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclicor spiro bicyclic heterocycle, wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycleoptionally contains one additional heteroatom selected from the groupconsisting of N. O and S; and the heterocycle is optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents independently selected from the groupconsisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio,(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,and —N(R³)(R⁴); and the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents independently selected from the group consisting of(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—S(O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—N(R³)(R⁴), —CN, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy. Values andalternative values for the remaining variables are as defined in thefirst embodiment, or any aspect thereof, or the second embodiment, orfirst through fifth aspects thereof.

In a seventh aspect of the second embodiment, R¹ and R² taken togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a heterocycleselected from the group consisting of azetidine, pyrrolidine,morpholine, piperidine, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol, isoindoline, andazabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, wherein the heterocycle is optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents independently selected fromthe group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halogen, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,—S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —N(R³)(R⁴). Values and alternative valuesfor the remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, orany aspect thereof, or the second embodiment, or first through sixthaspects thereof.

In an eighth aspect of the second embodiment, the heterocycle formed byR¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bondedis optionally substituted with halogen, methoxy, hydroxy, methoxymethylor dimethylamino group. Values and alternative values for the remainingvariables are as defined in the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof,or the second embodiment, or first through seventh aspects thereof.

In a ninth aspect of the second embodiment:

-   -   a) R¹ is methyl, and R² is cyclopropyl;    -   b) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is cyclopropyl;    -   c) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is cyclobutyl;    -   d) R¹ is methyl, and R¹ is cyclobutyl;    -   e) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is cyclopropylmethyl;    -   f) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is cyclobutylmethyl;    -   g) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is benzyl;    -   h) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is methoxypropyl;    -   i) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is methoxyethyl;    -   j) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is phenyl;    -   k) R¹ is methyl, and R² is t-butyl;    -   l) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is t-butyl;    -   m) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is methyl;    -   n) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is ethyl;    -   o) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is propyl;    -   p) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is butyl;    -   q) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is pentyl;    -   r) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is hexyl;    -   s) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is heptyl;    -   t) R¹ is methyl, and R² is methyl;    -   u) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is isopropyl;    -   v) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is 2,2-dimethylpropyl;    -   w) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is trifluoroethyl;    -   x) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is 2-methylpropyl;    -   y) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is 3-fluoropropyl;    -   z) R¹ is ethyl, and R² is ethyl;    -   a1) R¹ is methyl, and R² is methyl;    -   b1) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is hydrogen;    -   c1) R¹ is hydrogen, and R² is cyclopentyl;    -   d1) R¹ is methyl, and R² is cyclopentyl; or    -   e1) R¹ is methyl, and R² is propyl.        Values and alternative values for the remaining variables are as        defined in the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof, or the        second embodiment, or first through eighth aspects thereof.

In a tenth aspect of the second embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken togetherwith the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded form a group selectedfrom the group consisting of:

-   a) azetidin-1-yl;-   b) 3-fluoroazetidin-1-yl;-   c) 3-methylazetidin-1-yl;-   d) 3-methoxyazetidin-1-yl;-   e) pyrrolidin-1-yl;-   f) morpholin-4-yl;-   g) 3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl;-   h) 3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl;-   i) 3-N,N-dimethylaminopyrrolidin-1-yl;-   j) 2-methoxymethylpyrrolidin-1-yl;-   k) piperidin-1-yl;-   l) octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2-yl;-   m) isoindolin-2-yl; and-   n) 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-yl.    Values and alternative values for the remaining variables are as    defined in the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof, or the    second embodiment, or first through ninth aspects thereof.

In an eleventh aspect of the second embodiment:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen or a (C₁-C₄)alkyl; and    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₇)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        phenyl, phenyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl and        halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy and cycloalkyl        moiety in the groups represented by R² is optionally substituted        with one or more substituents independently selected from the        group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl and halo; and each phenyl        moiety in the groups represented by R² is optionally substituted        with one or more substituents independently selected from the        group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CN, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy; or    -   R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded form a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, or a        monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic or spiro bicyclic        heterocycle, wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycle optionally        contains one additional heteroatom selected from the group        consisting of N, O and S; and the heterocycle is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —N(R³)(R⁴);        and the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more        substituents independently selected from the group consisting of        (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —S(O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R³)(R⁴), —CN, halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy. Values and alternative values for the        remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, or        any aspect thereof, or the second embodiment, or first through        tenth aspects thereof.

In a twelfth aspect of the second embodiment:

-   -   R¹ is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, methoxy or tert-butoxy;    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₇)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        phenyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, and fluoro(C₁-C₄)alkyl; or    -   R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded form a ring selected from the group consisting of        pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, azetidinyl, piperidinyl,        octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl,        imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, and tetrazolyl, wherein the        ring formed by R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom        to which they are bonded is optionally substituted with fluoro,        —OH, —OCH₃, or N(CH₃)₂. Values and alternative values for the        remaining variables are as defined in the first embodiment, or        any aspect thereof, or the second embodiment, or first through        eleventh aspects thereof.

In a thirteenth aspect of the second embodiment:

-   -   R¹ hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl; and    -   R² is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl,        n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, t-butyl,        isobutyl, n-pentyl, (C₄-C₆)cycloalkyl, (C₃-C₅)cycloalkylmethyl,        methoxyethyl, and 2-fluoroethyl; or    -   R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded form a ring selected from the group consisting of        azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, tetrazolyl, or        octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrolyl, and wherein the ring formed by        R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded is optionally substituted with fluoro. Values and        alternative values for the remaining variables are as defined in        the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof, or the second        embodiment, or first through twelfth aspects thereof.

In a fourteenth aspect of the second embodiment, R^(F) is hydrogen.Values and alternative values for the remaining variables are as definedin the first embodiment, or any aspect thereof, or the secondembodiment, or first through thirteenth aspects thereof.

A third embodiment is a compound represented by Structural Formula X:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein:

-   -   X′ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻;    -   Y′ is selected from the group consisting of halo, nitro,        —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl (e.g., —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A). —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl);    -   each R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl and        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or    -   R^(A) and R^(B) taken together with the nitrogen atom to which        they are bound form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the        heterocycle or heteroaryl optionally comprises 1 to 4 additional        heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of        N, S and O;    -   R^(D) and R^(E) are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl,        heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; or    -   R^(D) and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are bound form a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered        heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl formed by R^(D) and R^(E)        optionally comprises one or two additional heteroatoms        independently selected from the group consisting of N, S and O;    -   R^(F) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and    -   m is 0, 1 or 2, wherein:    -   each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is optionally        and independently substituted with one or more substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo,        —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl), —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN; and    -   each alkyl in the group represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and        R^(E) is optionally and independently substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein    -   each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in        the group represented by R^(G) is optionally and independently        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,        halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In a first aspect of the third embodiment, X′ is BF₄ ⁻. Values andalternative values for the remaining variables are as defined in thethird embodiment.

In a second aspect of the third embodiment, the compound is representedby Structural Formula (Xa):

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein:

-   -   X′ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻;    -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, aryl,        aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, aryloxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, arylthio(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        arylsufinyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, arylsulfonyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl; or    -   R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded form a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, or a        monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic or spiro bicyclic        heterocycle, wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycle optionally        contains one or two additional heteroatoms independently        selected from the group consisting of N. O and S, wherein    -   each alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy and cycloalkoxy moiety in the        groups represented by R¹ and R² and each heterocycle represented        by NR¹R² taken together is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy,        (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —N(R³)(R⁴); and    -   each aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylsufinyl and arylsulfonyl        moiety in the groups represented by R¹ and R² and each        heteroaryl represented by NR¹R² taken together is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —S(O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R³)(R⁴); —CN,        halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from the group        consisting of —H and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein the (C₁-C₄)alkyl        represented by R³ and R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl. Values and alternative values for the        variables are as defined in the second embodiment, or any aspect        thereof, or the third embodiment, or first aspect thereof.

In a third aspect of the third embodiment, the compound is representedby Structural Formula Xb:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Values and alternative valuesfor the variables are as defined in the third embodiment, or firstaspect thereof.

A fourth embodiment provides a compound represented by StructuralFormula II:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein:

-   -   Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,        nitro, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl (e.g., hydrogen,        —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl) wherein:    -   each R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl and        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or    -   R^(A) and R^(B) taken together with the nitrogen atom to which        they are bound form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the        heterocycle or heteroaryl optionally comprises 1 to 4 additional        heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of        N, S and O;    -   each R^(D) and each R^(E) is independently selected from the        group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl,        heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, or    -   R^(D) and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are bound form a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, or a 4-7        membered heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl formed by R^(D)        and R^(E) optionally comprises one to two additional heteroatoms        independently selected from the group consisting of N, S and O;    -   R^(F) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and    -   m is 0, 1 or 2, wherein:    -   each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is optionally        and independently substituted with one or more substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo,        —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl), —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN;    -   each alkyl in the group represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and        R^(E) is optionally and independently substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein    -   each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in        the group represented by R^(G) is optionally and independently        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,        halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.        Alternative values for the variables in Structural Formula II        are as described in the first or second embodiment, or any        aspect of the foregoing.

In a first aspect of the fourth embodiment, the compound is representedby Structural Formula IIa:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof.

A fifth embodiment provides a compound of Structural Formula III:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein values andalternative values for Y are as described in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing.

In a first aspect of the fifth embodiment, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, halo, nitro, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl,—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, preferably, hydrogen,—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)).—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, wherein at least one of R^(A)and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),or —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)). Values for theremaining variables are as described in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing, or the fifth embodiment.

A sixth embodiment provides a compound of Structural Formula XI:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein X′ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻,AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻; and values and alternative values for Y are asdescribed in the first, second or fourth embodiment, or any aspect ofthe foregoing. Alternative values for X′ are as described in the thirdembodiment, or any aspect thereof.

In a first aspect of the sixth embodiment, the compound is representedby Structural Formula XIa:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Values and alternative valuesfor X′ are as described in the third embodiment, or any aspect thereof,or the sixth embodiment.

A seventh embodiment provides a compound of Structural Formula XII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein values andalternative values for Y are as described in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing.

In a first aspect of the seventh embodiment, Y is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, halo, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl,—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl (e.g., hydrogen, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl,carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl)), wherein Y is not nitro and atleast one of R^(A) and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),or —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)). Values for theremaining variables are as described in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing, or the seventh embodiment.

An eighth embodiment provides a compound of Structural Formula VI:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein:

-   -   Y″ is selected from the group consisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl,        —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and        —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, wherein:    -   at least one of R^(A) and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y″ is        —N(R^(A))(R^(B));    -   each R^(A) and R^(B) are independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl,        —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl.        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl,        —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl,        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyl and        —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or    -   R^(A) and R^(B) taken together with the nitrogen atom to which        they are bound form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the        heterocycle or heteroaryl optionally comprises 1 to 4 additional        heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of        N, S and O;    -   each R^(D) and each R^(E) is independently selected from the        group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl,        heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, or    -   R^(D) and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which        they are bound form a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, or a 4-7        membered heterocyclyl, wherein the heterocyclyl formed by R^(D)        and R^(E) optionally comprises one to two additional heteroatoms        independently selected from the group consisting of N, S and O;    -   R^(F) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,        (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and    -   m is 0, 1 or 2, wherein:    -   each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl is optionally        and independently substituted with one or more substituents        independently selected from the group consisting of halo,        —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl), —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN;    -   each alkyl in the group represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and        R^(E) is optionally and independently substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,        —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein    -   each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein each alkyl in        the group represented by R^(G) is optionally and independently        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,        halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.        Alternative values for the variables are as defined in the first        embodiment, or any aspect thereof.

In a first aspect of the eighth embodiment:

-   -   Y″ is —N(R^(F))—C(O)—CH₂—N(R¹)(R²), wherein:    -   R¹ and R² are each independently selected from the group        consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, aryl,        aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, aryloxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, arylthio(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        arylsufinyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, arylsulfonyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and        —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl; or    -   R¹ and R² taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they        are bonded form a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, or a        monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridged bicyclic or spiro bicyclic        heterocycle, wherein the heteroaryl or heterocycle optionally        contains one or two additional heteroatoms independently        selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, wherein    -   each alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy and cycloalkoxy moiety in the        groups represented by R¹ and R² and each heterocycle represented        by NR¹R² taken together is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl,        (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —N(R³)(R⁴);        and    -   each aryl, aryloxy, arylthio, arylsufinyl and arylsulfonyl        moiety in the groups represented by R¹ and R² and each        heteroaryl represented by NR¹R² taken together is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents independently selected        from the group consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH,        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, —S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)(C₁-C₄)alkyl,        —S(O)₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R³)(R⁴); —CN,        halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from the group        consisting of —H and (C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein the (C₁-C₄)alkyl        represented by R³ and R⁴ is optionally substituted with one or        more substituents independently selected from the group        consisting of (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and        (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl. Alternative values for the variables        are as defined in the second embodiment, or any aspect of the        foregoing.

A ninth embodiment provides a compound of Structural Formula VII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein values andalternative values for Y are as described in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing.

In a first aspect of the ninth embodiment. Y is selected from the groupconsisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, wherein at least one of R^(A)and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)) or—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)). Values for theremaining variables are as defined in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing, or the ninth embodiment.

“Alkyl” means a saturated aliphatic branched or straight-chainmonovalent hydrocarbon radical having the specified number of carbonatoms. Thus. “(C₁-C₇)alkyl” means a radical having from 1-7 carbon atomsin a linear or branched arrangement. “(C₁-C₇)alkyl” includes methyl,ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl and heptyl. Suitable substitutionsfor a “substituted alkyl” include, but are not limited to, -halogen,—OH, (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio,(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl,and —N(R³)(R⁴), wherein R³ and R⁴ are as described above.

“Alkylene” means a saturated aliphatic branched or straight-chaindivalent hydrocarbon radical having the specified number of carbonatoms. Thus. “(C₁-C₄)alkylene” means a diradical having from 1-4 carbonatoms in a linear or branched arrangement. “(C₁-C₄)alkylene” includesmethylene, ethylene, propylene and butylene.

“Cycloalkyl” means a saturated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon radicalhaving the specified number of carbon atoms, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl includescyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. Suitablesubstituents for a “substituted cycloalkyl” include halogen, —OH,(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl,(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —N(R³)(R⁴), whereinR³ and R⁴ are as described above.

“Heterocycle” or “heterocyclyl” means a 4-12 membered partiallyunsaturated or saturated heterocyclic ring containing 1, 2, or 3heteroatoms independently selected from N, O or S. When one heteroatomis S, it can be optionally mono- or di-oxygenated (i.e. —S(O)— or—S(O)₂—). The heterocycle can be monocyclic, fused bicyclic, bridgedbicyclic, or spiro bicyclic.

Examples of monocyclic heterocycle include, but not limited to,azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, piperazine, hexahydropyrimidine,tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, morpholine, thiomorpholine,thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine,tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine 1,1-dioxide, isothiazolidine, isothiazolidine1,1-dioxide.

A fused bicyclic heterocycle has two rings which have two adjacent ringatoms in common. The first ring is a monocyclic heterocycle and thesecond ring is a cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocycle, phenyl,heteroaryl or a monocyclic heterocycle. For example, the second ring isa (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl andcyclohexyl. Alternatively, the second ring is phenyl. Example of fusedbicyclic heterocycles includes, but not limited to, indoline,isoindoline, 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole,2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]oxazole, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[d]thiazole,octahydrobenzo[d]oxazole, octahydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole,octahydrobenzo[d]thiazole, octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole,3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, and 3-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane.

A spiro bicyclic heterocycle has two rings which have only one ring atomin common. The first ring is a monocyclic heterocycle and the secondring is a cycloalkyl, partially unsaturated carbocycle or a monocyclicheterocycle. For example, the second ring is a (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl.Example of spiro bicyclic heterocycle includes, but not limited to,azaspiro[4.4]nonane, 7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane, azaspiro[4.5]decane,8-azaspiro[4.5]decane, azaspiro[5.5]undecane, 3-azaspiro[5.5]undecaneand 3,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecane.

A bridged bicyclic heterocycle has two rings which have three or moreadjacent ring atoms in common. The first ring is a monocyclicheterocycle and the other ring is a cycloalkyl (such as(C₁-C₆)cycloalkyl), partially unsaturated carbocycle or a monocyclicheterocycle. Examples of bridged bicyclic heterocycles include, but arenot limited to, azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane,azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1l]octane and azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.

When the heterocycle contains a N atom other than the nitrogen atom towhich R¹ and R² are bonded, the N atom can be substituted with H, alkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl,heteroarylalkyl, each of which can be optionally substituted withhalogen, hydroxy, alkoxy, haloalkyl, alkyl, etc. The heterocycle can beoptionally substituted with an oxo group (C═O) and oxo substitutedheterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, thiomorpholine1-oxide, thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide, tetrahydro-2H-1,2-thiazine1,1-dioxide, and isothiazolidine 1,1-dioxide, pyrrolidin-2-one,piperidin-2-one, piperazin-2-one, and morpholin-2-one. Other optionalsubstituents for a heterocycle include (C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo, —OH,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, (C₁-C₄)alkylthio, (C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl,(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R³)(R⁴), —CN,halo(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and halo(C₁-C₄)alkoxy.

“Heteroaryl” means a 5-12 membered monovalent heteroaromatic monocyclicor bicyclic ring radical. A heteroaryl contains 1, 2 or 3 heteroatomsindependently selected from N, O, and S. Heteroaryls include, but arenot limited to pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole,thiazole, isothiazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole,1,2,5-thiadiazole, 1,2,5-thiadiazole 1-oxide, 1,2,5-thiadiazole1,1-dioxide, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine,pyridazine, 1,2,4-triazine, 1,3,5-triazine, and tetrazole. Bicyclicheteroaryl rings include, but are not limited to, bicyclo[4.4.0] andbicyclo[4.3.0] fused ring systems such as indolizine, indole, isoindole,indazole, benzimidazole, benzthiazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline,cinnoline, phthalazine, quinazoline, quinoxaline, 1,8-naphthyridine, andpteridine.

“Carbocycle” or “carbocyclyl” means 4-12 membered saturated orunsaturated aliphatic cyclic hydrocarbon ring.

“Alkoxy” means an alkyl radical attached through an oxygen linking atom.“Alkoxy” can also be depicted as —O-alkyl. For example, (C₁-C₄)-alkoxycan also depicted as —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl. “(C₁-C₄)-alkoxy” includes methoxy,ethoxy, propoxy, and butoxy.

“Alkylthio” means an alkyl radical attached through a sulfur linkingatom. “Alkylthio” can also be depicted as —S-alkyl. For example,“(C₁-C₄)alkylthio” can be depicted as —S—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.“(C₁-C₄)alkylthio” include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio andbutylthio.

“Alkylsulfinyl” means an alkyl radical attached through a —S(O)— linkinggroup. “Alkylsulfinyl” can be depicted as —S(O)-alkyl. For example,“(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl” can be depicted as —S(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.“(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl” include methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl,propylsulfinyl and butylsulfinyl.

“Alkylsulfonyl” means an alkyl radical attached through a —S(O)₂—linking group. “Alkylsulfonyl” can be depicted as —S(O)₂-alkyl. Forexample, “(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfinyl” can be depicted as —S(O)₂—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.“(C₁-C₄)alkylsulfonyl” include methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl,propylsulfonyl and butylsulfonyl.

“Haloalkyl” includes mono, poly, and perhaloalkyl groups where eachhalogen is independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, and bromine.Haloalkyl can also be referred as halo-substituted alkyl.

“Cycloalkoxy” means a cycloalkyl radical attached through an oxygenlinking atom. “Cycloalkoxy” can also be depicted as —O-cycloalkyl. Forexample, “(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy” can be depicted as —O—(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl.“(C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy” includes cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy,cyclopentyloxy and cyclohexyloxy.

“Aryl” means an aromatic monocyclic or polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic ortricyclic) carbocyclic ring system. In one embodiment, “aryl” is a 6-12membered monocyclic or bicyclic systems. Aryl systems include, but notlimited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, andanthracenyl.

“Aryloxy” means an aryl moiety attached through an oxygen linking atom.“Aryloxy” can be also depicted as —O-aryl. Aryloxy includes, but notlimited to, phenoxy.

“Arylthio” means an aryl moiety attached through a sulfur linking atom.“Arylthio” can be also depicted as —S-aryl. Arylthio includes, but notlimited to, phenylthio.

“Arylsulfinyl” means an aryl moiety attached through a —S(O)— linkinggroup. “Arylsulfinyl” can be also depicted as —S(O)-aryl. Arylsulfinylincludes, but not limited to, phenylsulfinyl.

“Arylsulfonyl” means an aryl moiety attached through a —S(O)₂— linkinggroup. “Arylsulfonyl”” can be also depicted as —S(O)₂-aryl. Arylsulfonylincludes, but not limited to, phenylsulfonyl.

“Diazo” refers to —N⁺≡N.

“Hetero” refers to the replacement of at least one carbon atom member ina ring system with at least one heteroatom selected from N, S, and O.“Hetero” also refers to the replacement of at least one carbon atommember in a acyclic system. A hetero ring system or a hetero acyclicsystem may have 1, 2, or 3 carbon atom members replaced by a heteroatom.

“Halogen” or “halo” refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

As used herein, cycloalkylalkyl can be depicted as -alkylene-cycloalkyl.For example, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl can be depicted as—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-(C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl.

As used herein, alkoxyalkyl can be depicted as -alkylene-O-alkyl. Forexample, (C₁-C₇)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl can be depicted as—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl.

As used herein, cycloalkoxyalkyl can be depicted as-alkylene-O-cycloalkyl. For example, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl canbe depicted as —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₃-C₆)alkyl.

As used herein, arylalkyl can be depicted as -alkylene-aryl. Forexample, aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl can be depicted as —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl.

As used herein, aryloxyalkyl can be depicted as -alkylene-O-aryl. Forexample, aryloxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl can be depicted as —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O-aryl.

As used herein, arylthioalkyl can be depicted as -alkylene-S-aryl. Forexample, arylthio(C₁-C₄)alkyl can be depicted as—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-S-aryl.

As used herein, arylsulfinylalkyl can be depicted as-alkylene-S(O)-aryl. For example, arylsufinyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl can bedepicted as —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-S(O)-aryl.

As used herein, arylsulfonylalkyl can be depicted as-alkylene-S(O)₂-aryl. For example, arylsulfonyl(C₁-C₄)alkyl can bedepicted as —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-S(O)₂-aryl.

The compounds described herein can exist as salts. For example, an acidsalt containing an amine or other basic group can be obtained byreacting a compound with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, resultingin anionic salt forms. Examples of anionic salts include the acetate,benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bitartrate, bromide, calciumedetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, dihydrochloride,edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fumarate, glyceptate, gluconate,glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexylresorcinate, hydrobromide,hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isethionate, lactate,lactobionate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulfate,mucate, napsylate, nitrate, pamoate, pantothenate,phosphate/diphosphate, polygalacturonate, salicylate, stearate,subacetate, succinate, sulfate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate,and triethiodide salts. Other examples of anionic salts includetetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate andhexafluorosilicate (or monohydrogen hexafluorosilicate) salts.

Base salts containing a carboxylic acid or other acidic functional groupcan be prepared by reacting with a suitable base. Such apharmaceutically acceptable salt may be made, for example, with alkalimetal salts (especially sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metalsalts (especially calcium and magnesium), aluminum salts or ammoniumsalts, as well as salts made from organic bases such as trimethylamine,triethylamine, morpholine, pyridine, piperidine, picoline,dicyclohexylamine. N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, 2-hydroxyethylamine,bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, procaine,dibenzylpiperidine, dehydroabietylamine. N,N′-bisdehydroabietylamine,glucamine, N-methylglucamine, collidine, quinine, quinoline, and basicamino acids, such as lysine and arginine.

The compounds described herein (e.g., compounds of Structural Formula I)can exist as solvates. As used herein, “solvate” refers to a chemicalcompound formed by the interactive of a solute (e.g., a compound or saltdescribed herein) and one or more solvents. Thus, “solvate” includessolvates containing more than one type of solvent molecule (mixedsolvates), for example, a toluene-ethyl acetate solvate or a(trifluoromethyl)benzene-diethyl ether-tetrahydrofuran solvate.Typically, the one or more solvents in solvates described herein is anorganic solvent or a combination of organic solvents, although water canalso form solvates, called hydrates. Exemplary solvates include(trifluoromethyl)benzene, ethyl acetate, toluene, diethyl ether andtetrahydrofuran solvates, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound or salt (e.g., the compound ofStructural Formula I) is a (trifluoromethyl)benzene solvate. In someembodiments of a solvate (e.g., a solvate of a compound of StructuralFormula I), the solvate comprises (trifluoromethyl)benzene.

The compounds described herein (e.g., compounds of Structural Formula I)can also exist as a combination of a salt and solvate. A combination ofa salt and a solvate can also be referred to as a solvated salt. Anexample of a solvated salt is a (trifluoromethyl)benzene solvate of thesalt represented by the following structural formula:

In some embodiments, a solvate (e.g., a mixed solvate, a solvated salt,a solvate of a compound of Structural Formula I) comprises from about0.1 to about 2.5, from about 0.1 to about 1, from about 0.5 to about 1,from about 0.75 to about 1 or about 0.8 molar equivalents of solute permolar equivalent of the compound or salt.

Each carbon atom in a tetracycline compound described herein can bereferred to using the numbering system depicted in the tetracyclinecompound depicted below:

For example, a C7- or 7-substituted tetracycline compound refers to atetracycline compound substituted with an indicated substituent (e.g.,fluoro, diazo) at the carbon atom labeled with a “7” in the structureabove. A C9- or 9-substituted tetracycline compound refers to atetracycline compound substituted with an indicated substituent (e.g.,fluoro, diazo) at the carbon atom labeled with a “9” in the structureabove. A 7,9-disubstituted tetracycline compound refers to atetracycline compound substituted with an indicated substituent at thecarbon atom labeled with a “7” in the structure above and an indicatedsubstituent at the carbon atom labeled with a “9” in the structureabove.

Each ring in a tetracycline compound described herein can be referred tousing the lettering scheme depicted in the tetracycline compounddepicted above. For example, a tetracycline compound having a D ringsubstituent refers to a tetracycline compound substituted at the 7-, 8-or 9-position in the structure above.

The compounds described herein can also include various isomers andmixtures thereof. Certain of the compounds may exist in variousstereoisomeric forms. Stereoisomers are compounds which differ only intheir spatial arrangement. Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers whosemirror images are not superimposable, most commonly because they containan asymmetrically substituted carbon atom that acts as a chiral center.“Enantiomer” means one of a pair of molecules that are mirror images ofeach other and are not superimposable. Diastereomers are stereoisomersthat are not related as mirror images, most commonly because theycontain two or more asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms. “R” and “S”represent the configuration of substituents around one or more chiralcarbon atoms. When a chiral center is not defined as R or S, either apure enantiomer or a mixture of both configurations is present.

“Racemate” or “racemic mixture” means a compound of equimolar quantitiesof two enantiomers, wherein such mixtures exhibit no optical activity;i.e., they do not rotate a plane of polarized light.

The compounds described herein can be prepared as individual isomers byeither isomer-specific synthesis or by resolution from an isomericmixture. Conventional resolution techniques include forming the salt ofa free base of each isomer of an isomeric pair using an optically activeacid (followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of thefree base), forming the salt of the acid form of each isomer of anisomeric pair using an optically active amine (followed by fractionalcrystallization and regeneration of the free acid), forming an ester oramide of each of the isomers of an isomeric pair using an optically pureacid, amine or alcohol (followed by chromatographic separation andremoval of the chiral auxiliary), or resolving an isomeric mixture ofeither a starting material or a final product using various well knownchromatographic methods.

When the stereochemistry of a disclosed compound is named or depicted bystructure, the named or depicted stereoisomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, 99% or 99.9% by weight pure relative to the other stereoisomers.When a single enantiomer is named or depicted by structure, the depictedor named enantiomer is at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 99% or 99.9% byweight optically pure. Percent optical purity by weight is the ratio ofthe weight of the enantiomer that is present divided by the combinedweight of the enantiomer that is present and the weight of its opticalisomer(s).

Methods Comprising Thermal Fluorination

One embodiment is a method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula II:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, by thermal fluorination. Thevalues and alternative values for variable Y are as defined in thefirst, second or fourth embodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing. Themethod comprises heating a suspension comprising a non-polar organicsolvent and a compound of Structural Formula I:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein X is PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻ orHSiF₆ ⁻; and Y is as defined for the compound of Structural Formula II,at a temperature of from about 95° C. to about 200° C. to provide thecompound of Structural Formula II, or the salt, solvate or combinationthereof.

As used herein, “suspension” refers to a heterogeneous mixturecomprising solid particles in a medium. Typically, the suspensionsdescribed herein are formed by suspending the compound of StructuralFormula I in a non-polar organic solvent in which the compound ofStructural Formula I is poorly soluble or insoluble.

Non-polar organic solvents useful in the thermal fluorinations of theinvention are not particularly limited, except that they should notdissolve or only poorly dissolve a compound of Structural Formula I.Typically, a non-polar organic solvent has a dielectric constant of lessthan or about 15, more particularly, less than or about 10, yet moreparticularly, less than or about 5, or less than or about 2. Exemplarynon-polar organic solvents useful in the thermal fluorinations of theinvention include saturated or aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., mineral oil,xylene, toluene, mesitylene), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g.,chlorobenzene, trifluorotoluene, perfluoromethyldecalin,perfluoro-1,2-dimethylhexane, perfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene,perfluorooctane, perfluorononane), ethers (e.g., diphenylether, ligroin)and fluorinated organic solvents (e.g., partially fluorinated organicsolvents, perfluorinated organic solvents).

“Perfluorinated organic solvent” refers to an organic compound in whicheach C—H bond has been replaced with a C—F bond. A “perfluorinatedorganic solvent” does not contain any C—H bonds. “Perfluorinated organicsolvents” can contain heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur,in addition to carbon and fluorine. Exemplary perfluorinated organicsolvents include perfluoromethyldecalin, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylhexane,perfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene, perfluorooctane, perfluorononane,perfluoroalkylamines (Fluorinert® FC-40), perfluorotributylamines(Fluorinert® FC-43), perfluorotripentylamine (Fluorinert® FC-70) andperfluorotripropylamine (Fluorinert® FC-3283). In preferred embodiments,the non-polar organic solvent is a perfluorinated organic solvent, inparticular, a perfluorinated organic solvent sold under the trade nameFluorinert® (e.g., perfluorotributylamines (Fluorinert® FC-43)).

In some embodiments, the non-polar organic solvent has a boiling pointof at least or about 100° C., preferably, at least or about 125° C.,more preferably, at least or about 150° C.

In some embodiments, the method comprises heating the suspension at atemperature of from about 100° C. to about 160° C. from about 120° C. toabout 160° C., from about 125° C. to about 140° C. or from about 130° C.to about 135° C.

When the boiling point of the non-polar organic solvent is less than thetemperature at which the suspension is heated, undesired solvent lossthrough evaporation can occur. Thus, in preferred embodiments, theboiling point of the non-polar organic solvent is greater than orapproximately equal to the temperature at which the suspension isheated. Undesired solvent loss can also be mitigated when the boilingpoint of a solvent is less than the temperature at which the suspensionis heated by conducting the thermal fluorination in a scaled pressurevessel.

The thermal fluorination can be conducted in an inert vessel. As usedherein, “inert vessel” refers to any vessel that does not reactchemically with the chemical species or the combination of chemicalspecies in a reaction for which it is being used or does not cause thechemical species or combination of chemical species to react chemically.Particularly preferred inert vessels include vessels constructed of orcoated with a perfluoropolymer, such as polytetrafluoroethylene orperfluoroalkoxy alkanes (PFA). Other inert vessels include steel-based(e.g., stainless steel) vessels or Hastelloy® vessels, which can beinert, for example, under thermal fluorinations involving a suspensionof a compound of Structural Formula I in a non-polar organic solvent inwhich the compound of Structural Formula I has near-zero solubility inthe non-polar organic solvent.

In certain embodiments, the method of preparing a compound of StructuralFormula II by thermal fluorination, further comprises diazotizing acompound of Structural Formula III:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein Y is as defined forthe compound of Structural Formula II wherein at least one of R^(A) andR^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)) or—N(R^(F))—(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)), to provide thecompound of Structural Formula I, or salt, solvate or combinationthereof. The purpose of the proviso for Y in Structural Formula (III) isto remove the possibility that there are two primary amino groupssimultaneously present in the molecule in the diazotization reaction.

As used herein, “diazotizing” or “diazotization” refers to a chemicalreaction in which a primary amino group is replaced with a diazo group.Typical conditions for diazo formation are known to those of skill inthe art and include treatment of a compound comprising a primary aminogroup (e.g., a compound of Structural Formula III) with nitrous acid,typically generated in situ, for example, from sodium nitrite in thepresence of a mineral acid. Diazotization can also be accomplished bytreating a compound comprising a primary amino group (e.g., a compound,salt, solvate or combination thereof of Structural Formula III) with analkylnitrite, such as butyl nitrite, in the presence of a mineral acid.In some embodiments, the diazotization reaction is conducted in thepresence of an aqueous solution of a mineral acid.

As used herein, “mineral acid” refers to an acid derived from one ormore inorganic compounds. A “mineral acid” forms a hydrogen ion and aconjugate base ion when dissolved in water. Exemplary mineral acidsinclude hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid,boric acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid,hexafluorophosphoric acid, fluoroboric acid, hexafluoroarsenic acid andhexafluorosilicilic acid. Preferred mineral acids (for use in thediazotization reactions described herein) include hexafluorophosphoricacid, fluoroboric acid, hexafluoroarsenic acid and hexafluorosilicilicacid.

Typically, the diazo compound is isolated as the diazonium salt of themineral acid used in the diazotization reaction.

In some embodiments of a method of preparing a compound of StructuralFormula II by thermal fluorination, Y is hydrogen. In an aspect of theseembodiments, the method further comprises nitrating the compound ofStructural Formula II, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof, toprovide a compound of Structural Formula IV having a nitro group:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof.

As used herein, “nitrating” or “nitration” refers to a chemical reactionin which a hydrogen atom is replaced with a nitro (—NO₂) group. Anaromatic nitration is a chemical reaction in which the hydrogen atom andthe nitro group are substituents on an aromatic ring. Nitration of acompound of Structural Formula II, for example, involves aromaticnitration and, consequently, can be accomplished using electrophilicaromatic substitution. Conditions for nitration and, in particular,aromatic nitration, of a compound are known to those of skill in theart, and include treating a compound (e.g., a compound of StructuralFormula II wherein Y is hydrogen, a compound of Structural Formula IX)with an alkyl nitrate, such as isopropyl nitrate, in the presence of amineral acid, such as sulfuric acid. Alternative conditions fornitration include treating a compound (e.g., a compound of StructuralFormula II wherein Y is hydrogen, a compound of Structural Formula IX)with an alkali metal nitrate salt, such as sodium nitrate or potassiumnitrate, in the presence of a mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid, ortreating a compound directly with nitric acid.

In a further aspect of the embodiments of a method of preparing acompound of Structural Formula II wherein Y is hydrogen by thermalfluorination, the method further comprises reducing the nitro group ofthe compound of Structural Formula IV, or the salt, solvate orcombination thereof, to provide a compound of Structural Formula V:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof.

Conditions for reducing an aromatic nitro group to a primary amino groupare known to those of skill in the art and include catalytichydrogenation, iron in acidic media, sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfideor hydrogen sulfide and a base, tin(II) chloride, titanium(III)chloride, zinc and samarium. In some embodiments, the nitro group of thecompound of Structural Formula IV or the compound of Structural FormulaVII is reduced to the primary amino group by catalytic hydrogenation,for example, using palladium on carbon or platinum on carbon, in thepresence of hydrogen.

In a yet further aspect of a method of preparing a compound ofStructural Formula II wherein Y is hydrogen by thermal fluorination, themethod further comprises functionalizing the primary amino group of thecompound of Structural Formula V, or the salt, solvate or combinationthereof, to provide a compound of Formula (VI):

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein the values andalternative values for Y″, and the variables forming Y″, are asdescribed in the first, second or eighth embodiment, or any aspect ofthe foregoing.

As used herein, “functionalize” or “functionalization” refers to achemical reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a primary aminogroup is independently replaced with a recited substituent. For example,to form a compound of Structural Formula VI wherein Y″ is—N(H)—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl, one hydrogen atom of the primary aminogroup on the D ring of the compound of Structural Formula V isfunctionalized with —C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl.

Functionalization of a primary amino group can be effected by a varietyof methods known to those of skill in the art. For example, a compoundof Structural Formula V or Structural Formula VIII can be treated withan addition reagent designed to react with the primary amino group onthe D ring of the compound of Structural Formula V or Structural FormulaVIII, respectively, to form a compound of Structural Formula VI orStructural Formula VII, respectively, thereby functionalizing the aminogroup by addition of all, or a component of, the addition reagent to theamino group. Various addition reagents can be used to functionalize aprimary amino group. For example, an addition reagent such as R—C(O)-LG,wherein R—C(O)— is the substituent to be added to the amino group and LGis a leaving group (e.g., chloride), can be used to functionalize aprimary amino group. Addition reagents can also be, for example,isocyanates (R—N═C═O), activated esters (such as N-hydroxysuccinimidylesters), acid chlorides (R—C(O)—Cl), sulfonyl chlorides (R—S(O)₂Cl),activated sulfonamides, activated heterocycles, activated heteroaryls,chloroformates (R—O—C(O)Cl) and cyanoformates (R—O—C(O)—CN). An additionreagent can also be an aldehyde or ketone that reacts with the amineunder reductive conditions to form an alkylated amine. Other reagentsthat can be used to functionalize a primary amino group or form anaddition reagent to functionalize a primary amino group include peptidecoupling reagents, e.g., PyBOP®(benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate), HBtU(2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate), HBtU/HOBt(2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumhexafluorophosphate/N-hydroxybenzotriazole) and DCC(dicyclohexylcarbodiimide).

In some embodiments of a method of preparing a compound of StructuralFormula II by thermal fluorination, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl.—N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, for example, Y is—N(H)—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl. In some embodiments of a method ofpreparing a compound of Structural Formula II by thermal fluorination, Yis selected from the group consisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, wherein at least one of R^(A)and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)) or—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)), for example, Y is—N(H)—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl.

In an aspect of these embodiments, the method further comprises reducingthe nitro group of a compound of Structural Formula VII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to form the compound ofStructural Formula III, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.Specific conditions for reducing a nitro group to a primary amino groupare as discussed above.

In a further aspect of these embodiments, the method further comprisesfunctionalizing a primary amino group of a compound of StructuralFormula VIII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to form the compound ofStructural Formula VII, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.Specific conditions for functionalizing a primary amino group are asdiscussed above.

In a yet further aspect of these embodiments, the method furthercomprises nitrating a compound of Structural Formula IX:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to form the compound ofStructural Formula VIII, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.Specific conditions for nitration and, in particular, aromaticnitration, are as discussed above.

Another particular embodiment of a method comprising thermalfluorination provides a method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula Ia:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. The method comprises heatinga suspension comprising a perfluorinated organic solvent and a compoundof Structural Formula Ia:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, at a temperature of fromabout 120° C. to about 160° C. to provide the compound of StructuralFormula IIa, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof. Alternativesolvents and conditions (e.g., temperature ranges) for the thermalfluorination are as discussed above.

In an aspect of this particular embodiment, the method further comprisesnitrating the compound of Structural Formula IIa, or the salt, solvateor combination thereof, to provide a compound of Structural Formula IV:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions fornitration and, in particular, aromatic nitration, are as discussedabove.

In a further aspect of this particular embodiment, the method furthercomprises reducing the nitro group of the compound of Structural FormulaIV, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof, to provide a compoundof Structural Formula V:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions forreduction of an aromatic nitro group to a primary amino group are asdiscussed above.

In a yet further aspect of this particular embodiment, the methodfurther comprises functionalizing the primary amino group of thecompound of Structural Formula V, or the salt, solvate or combinationthereof, to provide a compound of Formula (VIa):

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions forfunctionalizing a primary amino group are as discussed above. In apreferred aspect of this particular aspect of this particularembodiment, the compound of Structural Formula V, or the salt, solvateor combination thereof, is treated with Cl—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl toprovide the compound of Structural Formula VIa, or the salt, solvate orcombination thereof.

In another aspect of this particular embodiment, the method furthercomprises diazotizing a compound of Structural Formula IIIa:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to provide the compound ofStructural Formula Ia, or salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specificconditions for diazotizing a compound are as discussed above.Methods Comprising Photolylic Fluorination

Another embodiment is a method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula II, or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, byphotolytic fluorination. The values and alternative values for variableY in Structural Formula II are as defined in the first, second or fourthembodiment, or any aspect of the foregoing. The method comprisesirradiating a solution comprising an ionic liquid and a compound ofStructural Formula XI:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein X′ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻,AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻, preferably BF₄ ⁻; and Y is as defined above for thecompound of Structural Formula II, to provide the compound of StructuralFormula II, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.

As used herein, “solution” refers to a homogeneous mixture. Typically,the solutions described herein are formed by dissolving the compound ofStructural Formula XI in an ionic liquid in which the compound ofStructural Formula I is soluble.

As used herein, “ionic liquid” refers to a salt (comprising a cation andan anion) in a liquid state. Typically, ionic liquids are liquid belowabout 100° C. Exemplary cations used in ionic liquids include1,3-dialkyl imidazolium (as in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumtetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,for example); 1-alkylpyridinium (as in 1-butyl-3-methylpyridiniumtetrafluoroborate, for example); 1,2-dialkylpyrazolium (as in1,2,4-trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfate, for example);1,1-dialkylpyrrolidinium (as in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidium chloride,for example); ammonium (as in benzyltrimethylammonium tribromide ortributylmethylammonium methyl sulfate, for example); phosphonium (as intetrabutylphosphonium methanesulfonate or trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbromide, for example); and sulfonium (as in cyclopropyldiphenylsulfoniumtetrafluoroborate, for example). Preferred cations include the1,3-dialkyl imidazolium cation.

Exemplary anions used in ionic liquids include halides, acetate,dicyanamide, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroantimonate,tetrafluoroborate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, tribromide,triiodide, hydroxide, hydrogen sulfate, trifluoromethanesulfonate,alkylcarbonate, alkylsulfate, dialkylphosphate, alkanoate, tosylate,formate, alkylsulfate, alkylphosphate and glycolate. Preferred anionsinclude hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate.

Exemplary ionic liquids include any combination of a cation and an anionlisted above. Preferred ionic liquids include1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate and1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.

As used herein, “irradiating” means exposing to radiation. Typically,the radiation is ultraviolet radiation (electromagnetic radiation havinga wavelength of about 10 nm to about 400 nm). In some embodiments, themethod of preparing a compound represented by Structural Formula II, ora salt, solvate or combination thereof, by photolytic fluorinationcomprises irradiating the solution with ultraviolet light. For example,254 nm-wavelength light has been found to be quite effective in thephotolytic fluorination reactions described herein.

In certain embodiments of a method of preparing a compound of StructuralFormula II by photolytic fluorination, the method further comprisesdiazotizing a compound of Structural Formula III:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein Y is as defined forthe compound of Structural Formula II wherein at least one of R^(A) andR^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),or —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)), to provide thecompound of Structural Formula I, or salt, solvate or combinationthereof. Specific conditions for diazotizing a compound are as discussedabove for methods comprising thermal fluorination.

In an aspect of these certain embodiments of a method of preparing acompound of Structural Formula II by photolytic fluorination, the methodfurther comprises reducing the nitro group of a compound of StructuralFormula XII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein Y is as defined forStructural Formula II wherein Y is not nitro and at least one of R^(A)and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),or —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)), to form thecompound of Structural Formula III, or salt, solvate or combinationthereof. Specific conditions for reducing a nitro group to a primaryamino group are as discussed above for methods comprising thermalfluorination. The chemical reasons for the proviso for Y in StructuralFormula XII will be understood by a person skilled in the art, andinclude removing the possibility that there are two nitro groups in themolecule simultaneously during the reduction.

In some embodiments of a method of preparing a compound of StructuralFormula II by photolytic fluorination, Y is hydrogen. In an aspect ofthese embodiments, the method further comprises nitrating the compoundof Structural Formula II, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof,to provide a compound of Structural Formula IV:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions fornitration and, in particular, aromatic nitration, are as discussed abovefor methods comprising thermal fluorination.

In a further aspect of the embodiments of a method of preparing acompound of Structural Formula II wherein Y is hydrogen by photolyticfluorination, the method further comprises reducing the nitro group ofthe compound of Structural Formula IV, or the salt, solvate orcombination thereof, to provide a compound of Structural Formula V:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions forreducing a nitro group to a primary amino group are as described abovefor methods comprising thermal fluorination.

In a yet further aspect of a method of preparing a compound ofStructural Formula II wherein Y is hydrogen by photolytic fluorination,the method further comprises functionalizing the primary amino group ofthe compound of Structural Formula V, or the salt, solvate orcombination thereof, to provide a compound of Formula (VI):

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein the values andalternative values for Y″, and the variables forming Y″, are asdescribed in the first, second or eighth embodiment, or any aspect ofthe foregoing. Specific conditions for functionalizing a primary aminogroup are as described above for methods comprising thermalfluorination.

In some embodiments of a method of preparing a compound of StructuralFormula II by photolytic fluorination, Y is selected from the groupconsisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, for example, Y is—N(H)—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl. In some embodiments of a method ofpreparing a compound of Structural Formula II by thermal fluorination, Yis selected from the group consisting of —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl.—N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl,—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, wherein at least one of R^(A)and R^(B) is not hydrogen when Y is —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)) or—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)), for example, Y is—N(H)—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl.

In an aspect of these embodiments, the method further comprises reducingthe nitro group of a compound of Structural Formula VII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to form the compound ofStructural Formula III, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.Specific conditions for reducing a nitro group to a primary amino groupare as discussed above for methods comprising thermal fluorination.

In a further aspect of these embodiments, the method further comprisesfunctionalizing a primary amino group of a compound of StructuralFormula VIII:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to form the compound ofStructural Formula VII, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.Specific conditions for functionalizing a primary amino group are asdescribed above for methods comprising thermal fluorination.

In a yet further aspect of these embodiments, the method furthercomprises nitrating a compound of Structural Formula IX:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to form the compound ofStructural Formula VIII, or salt, solvate or combination thereof.Specific conditions for nitration and, in particular, aromaticnitration, are as discussed above for methods comprising thermalfluorination.

Another particular embodiment of a method comprising photolyticfluorination provides a method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula IIa, or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Themethod comprises irradiating a solution comprising an ionic liquid and acompound of Structural Formula XIa:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, to provide the compound ofStructural Formula IIa, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.Particular ionic liquids and conditions (e.g., wavelength of radiation)for the photolytic fluorination are as discussed above. In a preferredaspect of this particular embodiment, X′ is BF₄ ⁻.

In another aspect of this particular embodiment, the method furthercomprises nitrating the compound of Structural Formula IIa, or the salt,solvate or combination thereof, to provide a compound of StructuralFormula IV:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions fornitration, in particular, aromatic nitration, are as described above formethods comprising thermal fluorination.

In a further aspect of this particular embodiment, the method furthercomprises reducing the nitro group of the compound of Structural FormulaIV, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof, to provide a compoundof Structural Formula V:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions forreducing a nitro group to a primary amino group are as described abovefor methods comprising thermal fluorination.

In a yet further aspect of this particular embodiment, the methodfurther comprises functionalizing the primary amino group of thecompound of Structural Formula V, or the salt, solvate or combinationthereof, to provide a compound of Formula (VIa):

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof. Specific conditions forfunctionalizing a primary amino group are as described above for methodscomprising thermal fluorination. In a preferred aspect of thisparticular aspect of this particular embodiment, the compound ofStructural Formula V, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof, istreated with Cl—C(O)—CH₂-pyrrolidin-1-yl to provide the compound ofStructural Formula VIa, or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.

EXEMPLIFICATION

The following abbreviations and terms have the indicated meanings:

Abbreviation/Term Meaning Ac acetyl AcOH acetic acid aq aqueous AUC areaunder the curve BMIM 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bn benzyl brinesaturated aqueous sodium chloride Bu butyl Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl CH₃CNor MeCN acetonitrile d density DCM dichloromethane DMSO dimethylsulfoxide ESI electrospray ionization equiv. or eq. equivalent(s) Etethyl Et₂O ethyl ether EtOAc ethyl acetate g gram h, hr hour HPLC highperformance liquid chromatography i iso IPA or IPAc isopropyl alcohol Lliter(s) LCMS liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry m meta Me methylMeOH methanol mg milligram(s) min minute mL milliliter(s) MS massspectrum MTBE methyl tert-butyl ether MW molecular weight N normal NBSN-bromosuccinimide nm nanometer(s) NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone NMRnuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry o ortho Ph phenyl Pr propyl Pypyridine rt or r.t. room temperature SM starting material TBMEtert-butyl methyl ether TFA trifluoroacetic acid THF tetrahydrofuran wtweight

Example 1. Preparation of 7-Fluorosancycline from 7-AminosancyclinePreparation of 7-aminosancycline

Mole Material Qty MW d Mol eq. 7-HT 80 g 712.7  — 0.112 1.0 Pd-C E101NEW 4 g — — — 5% wt 6N HCl 84 mL — — 0.5  4.5 eq. MeOH 800 mL — — — 10xCH₃CN 800 mL — 10x 7-aminosancycline*2HCl 56.3 g 502.35 — 0.112 1.0(429.42)

In a 2-L, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, CH₃CNand 7-HT were charged under nitrogen. The mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 18 h. The solid was filtered, washed with methyl t-butylether (MTBE), and dried to yield pre-treated 7-HT.

A 2-L, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer wascharged with MeOH, 6 N aqueous HCl, and the pre-treated 7-HT. Themixture was stirred until the 7-HT was dissolved. The solution wasvacuumed briefly and purged once with N₂. Pd—C was added. The suspensionwas vacuumed briefly and purged three times with N₂, then three timeswith H₂. The reaction was stirred at rt under a hydrogen atmosphereuntil completion (if using a hydrogen balloon, the overhead space wasbriefly vacuumed and refilled with H₂ after 30 and 90 minutes). Thereaction mixture was filtered through a Celite® pad. The Celite® pad waswashed with MeOH and the filtrate was concentrated on a rotaryevaporator to 3× volume (240 mL) or less. Isopropanol (320 mL) wasslowly added to the stirring red oil residue, followed by the additionof MTBE (480 mL). The mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The solid wasfiltered, washed with MTBE, and dried to yield 44 g (78% yield) of7-aminosancycline*2HCl as a light tan solid (90% purity by HPLC): ¹H-NMR(400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.52 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.15(s, 1H), 3.25-2.9 (m, 9H), 2.45 (m, 1H), 2.3 (m, 1H), 1.65 (m, 1H); MS(ESI) m/z 430.1 (M+H).

Preparation of 7-fluorosancycline By Thermal Fluorination

Mole Material Qty MW d Mol eq. 7-amino- 44 g 502.35 — 0.088 1.0sancycline*2HCl 6N HCl 3.7 mL — — 0.022  0.25 NaPF₆ 36.9 g 167.95 —0.22  2.5 H₂O 440 mL — — — 10x EtOAc 660 mL — — — 15x butyl nitrite 15.4mL 103.12 0.882 0.132 1.5 EtOAc 352 mL — — —  8x CF₃Ph 528 mL — — — 12x7-diazo- 64.4 g 732.08 — 0.088 1.0 sancycline*PF₆*HPF₆

A 1-L, round-bottomed flask equipped with a stir bar was charged withH₂O, 7-aminosancycline*2HCl, 6 N aqueous HCl, and NaPF₆. The deep redsolution was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and transferredto a 2 L separatory funnel. The solution was extracted twice with EtOAc(440 mL+220 mL). The organic phases were combined, dried over sodiumsulfate, and filtered.⁽¹⁾ The filtrate was concentrated to an oilyresidue.⁽²⁾ The Oil was dissolved in EtOAc up to 352 mL total volume andthe solution was cooled to 8° C. Butyl nitrite was added dropwise over20 minutes with a syringe pump while keeping the temperature at <8° C.The reaction was stirred at 8° C. for 1 h. The cold (8° C.) reactionsolution was then transferred slowly to a separate flask with amechanical stirrer containing 528 mL (12× volume) of stirring CF₃Ph at0° C. Once the addition was complete, the resulting slurry was stirredat 0° C. for 1 h and filtered under a N₂ blanket. The filter cake wasslurried and washed with dichloromethane (DCM)⁽³⁾ and the solid wasdried in a vacuum oven to yield 61 g of the desired product as a lighttan powder (95% by wt). The product was a CF₃Ph solvate or isolatedcontaining residual CF₃Ph (0.86 mol equiv by ¹H NMR) with 7% molresidual ethyl acetate: ¹H-NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.52 (d, J=9.8 Hz,1H), 7.28 (d, 1=9.8 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (s, 1H), 3.1-2.8H) 2.35 (m, 1H), 1.7(m, 1H), MS (ESI) m/z 441.2 (M+H).

Notes: (1) The purpose of the filtration was to not only remove sodiumsulfate, but also residual dark solid.(2) The concentration of the EtOAcsolution was to remove water (azeotrope), which is important prior tothe next step (diazonium formation).(3) DCM was added up to the top ofthe filter cake and the solid was slurried before applying vacuum to thefiltrate.

Mole Material Qty MW d Mol eq. 7-diazo- 61 g 732.08 — 0.0833 1.0sancycline*PF6*HPF6 3M ™ Fluorinert ™ 732 mL — — — 12x FC-437-fluorosancycline•HPF₆ 48.2 g 578.37 — 0.0833 1.0

In a 2-L PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) reaction vessel equipped with amechanical stirrer, a thermocouple, a N₂ inlet, and an off-gassingcondenser (at rt) connected to a scrubber,⁽¹⁾ FC-43 and7-diazosancycline*PF₆*HPF₆ were charged. The reaction was slowly heatedunder N₂ sweeping with stirring to 135° C. internal temperature. Oncethe target temperature was reached, stirring was continued for 1 h undernitrogen flushing while keeping the reaction temperature between 135° C.and 140° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature andfiltered. The filter cake was washed twice with MTBE and dried underhigh vacuum to yield 47 g of the desired product (97% by wt) as a brownsolid (HPLC: 7-fluorosancycline=72%, sancycline=4%, 7-OHsancycline=2.8%). MS of 7-fluorosancycline: (ESI) m/z 433.2 (M+H).

Notes: (1) The scrubber consisted of a flask containing stirring aqueousNaOH+bromothymol blue pH indicator and was equipped with an open“chimney” filled with strongly basic resin.

Mole Material Qty MW d Mol eq. 7-fluorosancycline*HPF₆ 47 g 732.08 —0.04 (1) 1.0 1N NaOH 95 mL — — 0.095 n/a H₂O 705 mL — — — 15x DCM 940 mL— — — 20x heptane 120 mL — — 2.5x  7-fluorosancycline 17.4 g 432.4  —0.04 1.0

In a 2-L, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a pHprobe, and a thermocouple, water and 7-fluorosancycline*HPF₆ ⁽¹⁾ werecharged. Aqueous NaOH (1 N) was added slowly until pH=7.2.⁽²⁾ Theaqueous suspension was then transferred to a separatory funnel andextracted with 564 mL (12× volume) of DCM for 10 minutes. The suspensionwas filtered through a pad of Celite®. The filtrate was charged back tothe separatory funnel and the DCM layer was separated. The pH of theaqueous layer (pH 7.5) was adjusted back to 7.2 using 6 N aqueous HCl (afew drops) and the aqueous layer was extracted a second time with 376 mL(8× volume) of DCM. The suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite®and the filtrate was charged back to the separatory funnel. The DCMlayer was separated and combined with the first DCM extraction. Thecombined DCM solutions were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, andconcentrated to an oil of about 40-50 mL total volume. The oil was thenadded slowly to a separate flask containing 120 mL of stirring heptaneand the resulting slurry was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. Thesolid was filtered, washed with heptane, and dried in a vacuum oven (30°C.) until the weight became stable to yield 11.3 g of the desiredproduct as a bright yellow solid (HPLC: 7-fluorosancycline=90%,sancycline=4%; 80% by wt): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.24 (t, J=9.2 Hz,1H), 6.8 (m, 1H), 3.5 (s, 1H), 3.1 (m, 1H), 3.0 (m, 1H), 2.75 (s, 6H),2.65 (m, 1H), 2.3 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 1.65 (m, 1H), MS (ESI) m/z433.2 (M+H).

Notes: (1) SM potency was 37%, which translated to 17.4 g free base(0.04 mol).(2) Initial pH=1.8, pH was adjusted up to 7.2 to a pointwhere the reading on the pH meter was stable at 7.20 for at least 1minute. Actual volume of 1 N aqueous NaOH needed was 95 mL.

Preparation of 7-fluorosancycline By Photolytic Fluorination

7-Fluorosancycline was also prepared using a photolytic fluorination.

Specifically, 7-aminosancycline (120 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL methanol.The solution was cooled with ice/water. To the solution was added 0.2 mL48% HBF₄ followed by 0.1 mL n-BuNO₂. After stirring at the sametemperature for 10 minutes, diethyl ether (8 mL) was added to thereaction mixture to precipitate 7-diazosancycline*BF₄. After filtrationand drying, 110 mg 7-diazosancycline*BF₄ was obtained as a yellow solid.MS (ESI) m/z 441.2.

In a photoreactor, 7-diazosancycline*BF₄ (100 mg) was dissolved in 1 mL1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The solution wasirradiated while being cooled with running water for 18 h. After thereaction was complete, HPLC analysis showed the reaction mixturecontained 58.8% of 7-fluorosancycline and 17.7% of sancycline. The crudeproduct was purified by preparative HPLC to yield 70 mg of7-fluorosancycline (containing some sancycline). MS (ESI) m/z 433.2(M+H).

Example 2. Preparation of Eravacycine from 7-Fluorosancycline

Mole Material Lot Qty MW d Mol eq. 7-fluoro- 433-100-1 11.3 g 432.4  —0.026 1.0 sancycline H₂SO₄ 34 mL — — — 3x Isopropyl 3.15 mL 105.09 1.04 0.0312 3.2 nitrate 1 433-102-1 14.95 g 575.09 — 0.026 1.0 (H₂SO₄)477.12 (free base)

To a 100-mL, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer wasadded H₂SO₄, and the flask was cooled with a brine/ice bath.7-Fluorosancycline was added to the cold sulfuric acid. The reactionmixture was stirred at 0° C. under nitrogen sweep until the startingmaterial was completely dissolved. Isopropyl nitrate was added over 30minutes while keeping the reaction temperature below 2° C. The reactionwas stirred at 0° C. until completion, as monitored by HPLC. Thereaction mixture was then added slowly to a separate flask containing30× volume of a stirred mixture of 283 mL i-PrOH and 57 mL heptane at 0°C. The resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and the solidwas filtered,⁽¹⁾ washed with a cold mixture of 57 mL i-PrOH and 11 mLheptane followed by heptane, and dried in a vacuum oven at 30° C.overnight to yield 12.8 g of the desired product as a yellow solid(LCMS: compound 1=85%; 67% by wt): MS (ESI) m/z 478.2 (M+H).

Notes: (1) Filtration rate was moderate and stable. The solid obtainedwas a dry, yellow powder. Only 5% compound 1 was lost in the motherliquor.

Mole Material Lot Qty MW d Mol eq. 1 433-102-1 12.8 g 575.09 — 0.022 1.0Pd—C 10R39 0.64 g — — — 5% wt 3N HCl 14.6 mL — — 0.044 2.0 MeOH — 384 mL— — — 30x 2 — (447.4 free — 0.022 1.0 base) 10.6 g (483.9•HCl) —(520.3•2HCl)

To a 1-L reaction flask equipped with a stir bar was added MeOH and 3 Naqueous HCl. Compound 1 and 10% Pd—C were added portionwise to thestirring solvent mixture. The reaction mixture was vacuumed briefly andpurged with dry nitrogen three times, followed by three times withhydrogen (balloon). The reaction was stirred at rt until completion. Thereaction mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite®, and the Celite®pad was washed with MeOH. The filtrate was charged into a round-bottomedflask and 1.3 g (10% wt) of Siliabond DMT was added. The mixture wasstirred at t for 90 minutes and filtered. The solid was washed withMeOH. The filtrate was charged to a round-bottomed flask and 77 g (6×weight) of wet Amberlyst resin IRA-400 (chloride form) was added. Thesuspension was stirred at room temperature for 2 h and the resin wasremoved by filtration and washed (soaking+vacuum pulling) with methanol.The filtrate was concentrated on a rotary evaporator to roughly half thevolume. Isopropanol (64 mL) was added. The mixture was concentratedfurther to an oil and charged with 102 mL of i-PrOH and 51 mL of MTBE.The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h (overnight). Thesolid was collected by filtration, washed with MTBE, and dried in avacuum oven at 30° C. to yield 9.1 g of compound 2 as a dark orangepowder (mono-HCl salt, 81% yield (corrected), HPLC purity=83%): MS (ESI)m-z 448.2 (M+H).

Mole Material Qty MW d Mol eq. Step (1) 2 9.1 g 483.9 — 0.0188 1.0 MeOH91 mL — — — 10x HCl (2.2N in EtOH) 14.9 mL — — 0.0329  1.75 EtOAc 364 mL— — — 40x Heptane 91 mL — — — 10x Step (2) Product from step (1) (9.78g)  520.34 — 0.0188 1.0 3 (90%) 4.49 g 184.1 — 0.0244 1.3 NMP 55 mL — ——  6x EtOAc 546 mL — — — 60x 4(eravacycline) 11.9 g  631.48 — 0.0188 1.0(558.6)

Step (1): Mono-HCl salt 2 (9.1 g) was suspended in MeOH, and HCl (2.1 Nin EtOH) was added. To the resulting dark solution was added 20× volume(182 mL) EtOAc over 30 minutes. The slurry was stirred for an additional30 minutes. Another 20× volume portion of EtOAc (182 mL) and 10× volumeheptane (91 mL) were added. The suspension was stirred at roomtemperature for 1 h. The solid was filtered, washed with heptane, anddried in a vacuum oven. The resulting light brown solid (bis-HCl salt,9.22 g) was taken to step (2).

Step (2): N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and the bis-HCl salt from step(1) were charged into a round-bottomed flask and stirred at roomtemperature until full dissolution (typically 30 min). The solution wascooled to <0° C. with a brine bath. Acid chloride 3 was addedportionwise while keeping the reaction temperature below 0° C. Thereaction was stirred at 0° C. for 10 min and quenched by adding 2 eq ofwater (0.677 mL). The reaction solution was transferred to 60× volume(546 mL) stirring EtOAc. The resulting slurry was stirred for 1 h andfiltered under a N₂ blanket. The filter cake was washed with EtOAc anddried on the filter with vacuum under a continuous flow of dry nitrogen.The solid was transferred to a stirring solution of acetone:H₂O (50:1,v/v, 455 mL/9.1 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h, filtered, washed with acetone, and dried undervacuum to yield 11.3 g of compound 4 (eravacycline) as a dark yellowsolid (91% corrected yield, HPLC purity=89%): MS (ESI) m/z 559.3 (M+H).

Example 3. Preparation of Eravacycline from 9-Aminosancycline Using aPhotolytic Fluorination

Sancycline (0.414 g, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid(TFA). The solution was cooled to 0° C. To the solution was addedN-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 0.356 g, 2.1 mmol). The reaction was completeafter stirring at 0° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was allowed towarm to rt. Solid KNO₃ (0.11 g, 0.11 mmol) was added and the reactionmixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction solution was added to 75mL cold diethyl ether. The precipitate was collected by filtration anddried to give 0.46 g of compound 6. Compound 6 can then be reduced tocompounds 7, 8, or 9 using standard procedures.

9-Aminosancycline (7, 1 g, 0233 mmol) was dissolved in 20 mL sulfuricacid and the reaction was cooled using an ice bath. Potassium nitrate(235 mg, 0.233 mmol) was added in several portions. After stirring for15 min, the reaction mixture was added to 400 mL MTBE followed bycooling using an ice bath. The solid was collected by filtration. Thefilter cake was dissolved in 10 mL water and the pH of the aqueoussolution was adjusted to 5.3 using 250/o aqueous NaOH. The resultingsuspension was filtered, and the filter cake was dried to give 1 gcompound 10: MS (ESI) m/z 475.1 (M+1).

Compound 10 (1.1 g) was dissolved in 20 mL of water and 10 mL ofacetonitrile. To the solution was added acyl chloride 3 (in twoportions: 600 mg and 650 mg). The pH of the reaction mixture wasadjusted to 3.5 using 25% aqueous NaOH. Another portion of acyl chloride(800 mg) was added. The reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis. Product11 was isolated from the reaction mixture by preparative HPLC.Lyophilization gave 1.1 g of compound 11: MS (ESI) m/z 586.3 (M+1).

Compound 11 (1.1 g) was dissolved in methanol. To the solution was addedconcentrated HCl (0.5 mL) and 10% Pd—C (600 mg). The reaction mixturewas stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (balloon). After the reactionwas completed, the catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtrate wasconcentrated to give 1 g of compound 12: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO), 8.37(s, 1H), 4.38-4.33 (m, 3H), 3.70 (br s, 2H), 3.30-2.60 (m, 12H),2.36-2.12 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.80 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.35 (m, 1H); MS (ESI) m/z556.3 (M+1).

Compound 12 (150 mg) was dissolved in 1 mL of 48% HBF₄. To the solutionwas added 21 mg of NaNO₂. After compound 12 was completely converted tocompound 13 (LC/MS m/z 539.2), the reaction mixture was irradiated with254 nm light for 6 h while being cooled with running water. The reactionmixture was purified by preparative HPLC using acetonitrile and 0.05 Naqueous HCl as mobile phases to yield the compound 4 (eravacycline, 33mg) as a bis-HCl salt (containing 78% of 4 and 10% of the 7-H byproduct,by HPLC): MS (ESI) m/z 559.3 (M+1).

Example 4. Thermal Fluorination of 7-Diazosancycline: Counterion Effects

U.S. Pat. No. 3,239,499 (“the '499 Patent”), issued Mar. 8, 1966,reports a thermal fluorination reaction in which 7-diazosancyclinetetrafluoroborate is converted to 7-fluorosancycline by heating with aflame. The '499 Patent only reports that fluorinated product formed.There is no yield, no analytical data and no byproduct informationassociated with the transformation. Such a direct thermal decompositionusing a flame is a known bench-scale technique used to convert onlyminute quantities of starting material. The method disclosed in the '499Patent does not have practical applications or meaningful value beyond asimple proof of concept, and is not a usable large-scale process.

Manufacturing of 7-diazosancycline*BF₄ using the procedure reported inthe '499 Patent was attempted, but no product was obtained. Instead,7-diazosancycline*BF₄ was manufactured by treating 7-aminosancyclinewith n-butyl nitrite in methanol in the presence of aqueous HBF₄ to form7-diazosancycline*BF₄. The 7-diazosancycline*BF₄ product precipitated byaddition of ether to the reaction mixture.

Instead of heating using an open flame as described in the '499 Patent,7-diazosancycline*BF₄ was heated to 160° C. in an oil bath for 1 h. Thereaction gave 38.7% 7-F product by LC (100 mg SM, see experiment 407-27in Table 1). The major impurities have a m/z of 481 on LCMS and arelikely BF₃ adducts of sancycline. Repeating the thermal fluorinationaccording to the procedure described in the '499 Patent on larger scaleappeared to increase the amount of “481” byproducts.

The heating of a solid can only be performed at small scale and wouldnot be applicable to manufacturing, for example, of eravacycline, forclinical and commercial use. Because of this, the thermal fluorinationreaction using 7-diazosancycline*BF₄ was also examined in a variety ofsolvents (e.g., xylenes, perfluorinated solvents) (see Table 1). Many ofthe solvent conditions were superior the procedure in the '499 Patent,especially at small scale (approximately 10 mg). For example, thereaction in m-xylene gave 65% of product by LC (see experiment 272-63 inTable 1), but at larger scale, more “481” byproducts formed.

TABLE 1

BF3 Experiment^(a) Solvent Condition(s) 7-F 7-H 7-OH adducts Comment(s)404-27^(b) no 160° C. 38.7% ’499 Patent conditions 272-53 tolueneMicrowave   59% 10% 3% some 150° C., 1 h 272-54 CF₃- Microwave   50%  9%3% some benzene 150° C., 1 h 272-59 m-xylene 165° C.,   48%  8% 4% some40 min 272-63 m-xylene 150° C., 1 h   65%  5% 2% some 272-63 m-xylene140° C., 1 h   57% 12% 1% some 272-66 mesitylene 150° C.,   56%  8% 1%some 40 min 272-68 none 160° C.,   61%  5% 1% some vacuum, 40 min 272-71BMIM•BF₄ 150° C. tiny major some 272-71 Diphenyl 150° C.   53%  8% 2%some ether 272-71 o-xylene 150° C.   46% 10% 2% some Additive 1^(c)272-71 o-xylene 150° C., none some some 2 drops 7 min concentrated H₂SO₄272-73 o-xy1ene 130° C., 1.5 h   48%  8% some 2.5% SM 272-75 HC(OMe)₃135° C., 1 h some decomposed 289-59 PhCl 135° C., 2.5 h   38%  5% 9% 4%289-59 MIBK 135° C., 1.5 h   25% 11% 4% 3% Many other impurities 289-59IPAc 135° C., 1.5 h   36%  9% 7% 5% 289-59 Anisol 135° C., 1.5 h   40%10% 7% 4% 289-59 2,6-lutidine 135° C., 1.5 h decomposed 289-60 SiO2^(d)130° C., 1 h   30% 19% 7% 2% 289-63 mesitylene 60° C. none major AddedCu 289-67 BMIM•BF₄ 60° C. none major Added CsF 289-69 Na₂SO₄ ^(d) 140°C., 1 h   49%  8% 6% 4% 289-69 Mg₂SO₄ ^(d) 140° C., 1 h   49% 11% 5% 3%289-69 CuSO₄ ^(d) 130° C., 1 h   55% 11% 4% 6% 289-69 Celite^(d) 130°C., 1 h   54%  9% 6% 4% ^(a)all the reactions were at a few milligramscale ^(b)this condition is to mimic the ’499 Patent conditions^(c)Additive 1: tri-t-butylphospinniumtetrafluoroborate ^(d)Thediazonium salt was mixed with the corresponding solid first, then heatedto the indicated temperature. No solvent.

The thermal fluorination of 7-diazosancycline*BF₄ was also performedusing perfluorinated solvents at milligram scale (see Table 2).Promising results from the small-scale thermal fluorinations inperfluorinated solvents were subsequently performed on hundreds ofmilligrams of 7-diazosancycline*BF₄. The results of these experimentsare summarized in Table 2. Using perfluorinated solvents gaveinconsistent results, as the BF3 adducts could not be avoided on largerscale.

TABLE 2 7-diazo- sancycline T Reaction BF₃ Experiment Solvent *BF₄ (°C.) time 7-F adducts Comment(s) 289-86 perfluorodecalin Few mg 125 to 51% 8%, 7% Reaction is 135 slow at 125° C. 289-86 perfluorodecalin Fewmg 135   46% 10%, 8%  289-88 perfluorotoluene Few mg 135^(a)  65% 0.6%,1.3% Very little BF3 adduct, others very similar 289-88 Perfluoro-1,2-Few mg 135^(a)  65% 1%, 1% Almost dimethylhexane identical toperfluorotoluene 289-93 Perfluoro-1,2- Few mg 106  overnight 43.4%10.2%, 9.3%  dimethyl hexane 289-93 Perfluorooctane, 100 mg 135^(a) 1 h60.4% 2.6%, 2.0% 2 mL 289-93 Perfluorooctane, 200 mg 135^(a)  85 min52.4% 7.4%, 6.5% Couldn't repeat 4 mL 289-93 289-93 Perfluorooctane, 100mg reflux 4 h 47.5% 6.5%, 5.6% Couldn't repeat 3 mL 289-93 289-101Perfluorotoluene, 200 mg 135^(a) 1 h  39% 17.6%, 12.3% Couldn't repeat 4mL 289-88 289-102 Perfluoro(methyl) Few mg 135  1 h 39.8% 16.3%, 14.9%decalin 289-102 Perfluorooctane Few mg 135^(a) 1 h 45.2% 13.2%, 9.6% 289-105 perfluorononane Few mg 135^(a) 1 h  36% 16.2%, 14.4%^(a)Reaction was conducted in a sealed tube because the boiling point ofthe solvent was lower than the reaction temperature.

A breakthrough for the thermal reaction was to use PF₆ ⁻ as counterion.When PF₆ ⁻ was used as counterion, the “481” byproducts (BF₃ adducts)were eliminated. Table 3 summarizes the results of the thermalfluorination of 7-diazosancycline*PF₆ in non-fluorinated, non-polarorganic solvents.

TABLE 3 Exper- iment Solvent Condition(s) 7-F 7-H 7-OH Comment(s) 272-56toluene Microwave 27% Material 150° C., 40 tarred min 272-57 tolueneMicrowave No No stirrer 135° C., 40 reaction bar min 272-59 m-xylene165° C., 40 48%  8% 4% min 272-67 mesitylene 150° C., 40 46% 11% 8% min272-70 none 150° C., 48% 12% none vacuum, 40 min

Yet further improvements in reaction yield were obtained by conductingthe thermal fluorination in perfluorinated solvents. The results of thethermal fluorination of 7-diazosancycline*PF₆ in non-polar, organic,perfluorinated solvents are summarized in Table 4. The results of thethermal fluorination of 7-diazosancycline*PF₆ inperfluoro(methyl)decalin, mixture of isomers, are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 4 Exper- Perfluoro 7-diazo- T iment solvents sancycline*PF₆ (° C.)Time 7-F 7-OH 289-95 Perfluoro 1,2- Few mg 135 1.5 h  53% 3.0%methylhexane 289-97 Perfluoro- Few mg 135 1.5 h  44% 9.3% decalin 289-97perfluoro- Few mg 135 1.5 h 49.6% 1.5% toluene 289-99 Perfluoro 1,2- Fewmg 135 1.5 h  58% 4.0% dimethylhexane 289-103 Perfluoro- some 135 1.5 h49.3% 2.3% toluene 289-103 Perfluoro-  50 mg 135 1.5 h 55.6% 2.7%octane, 1 mL 289-105 Perfluoro- Few mg 135 1.5 h 56.8% 3.7% nonane289-105 perfluoro- 200 mg 135 1.5 h 57.5% 4.9% nonane, 4 mL 289-109perfluoro- 500 mg 135 1.5 h 65.9% 6.8% nonane, 6 mL

TABLE 5 7-diazo- Mass Yield by Experiment sancycline*PF₆ 7-F recoveryHPLC 321-53  9.2 g  75% 321-91  2.1 g 1.665 g 100.4% 77.4% 321-95 1.18 g0.971 g 104.2% 75.4% 321-96 1.18 g   1.18 g¹ 126.6% 75.7% 321-84 4.39 g 3.5 g 101.0% 76.9% ¹Added 0.25 g SnCl₂ to the reaction. No effect wasobserved.

During the 9.2 g-scale reactions (Experiment 321-53 in Table 5), it wasobserved that the reaction started generating gas at 100° C. to 110° C.,indicating the fluorination can occur at temperatures as low as about100° C. After stirring at 130° C. to 135° C. for 0.5 h, the bubblingslowed dramatically, indicating that the fluorination was mostlycomplete.

The perfluorinated solvents known as Fluoriner™ (marketed by 3M™) werediscovered as an alternative to perfluoromethyldecalin. The Fluorinert™solvents are marketed as cooling liquids for the electronic industry.Exemplary Fluorinert™ solvents compatible with the thermal fluorinationof 7-diazosancycline*PF₆ include, but are not limited to:

perfluorotributyl amine (FC-43), boiling point=178° C.:

perfluorotripropyl amine (FC-3283), boiling point=128° C.;

perfluoro-trialkylamines mixture (FC-40), boiling point=158-173° C.; and

perfluorotripentylamine (FC-70), boiling point=215° C.

In addition to the PF₆ ⁻ counterion described above, the thermalfluorination of 7-diazosancycline was also tried using othercounterions. The results of the thermal fluorination of other salts of7-diazosancycline are summarized in Table 6.

TABLE 6

Reaction Experiment X Solvent conditions 7-F 7-H 7-OH 272-85 AsF₆o-xylene 140° C., 1 h 24% 30% 2% 321-29 HSiF₆ perfluoromethyldecalin135° C., 1 h 35% 24%

The thermal fluorination of 7-diazasancycline*PF₆, as disclosed herein,is more than an improvement of the thermal fluorination procedurereported in the '499 Patent. Rather, the use of 7-diazasancycline*PF₆ inthe thermal fluorination enables the plant scale production of7-fluoro-substituted tetracyclines, such as 7-fluorosancycline from7-amino-substituted tetracyclines, such as 7-aminosancycline. Table 7provides a brief comparison of the thermal fluorination reported in the'499 Patent and the thermal fluorination reported in Example 1 above.

TABLE 7 Thermal Fluorination Example 1 from the ′499 Patent hereinaboveDiazonium salt BF₄ ⁻ PF₆ ⁻ Counterion Diazonium salt Could not berepeated Robust anhydrous formation conditions Solvent No solvent FC-43,solvent is reusable Heating Flame, no temperature Controlled temperaturecontrol Reactor Small glass flask Taflon on PFA reactor Scale unknown200 g HPLC purity Not originally described, but 75% repetition of theprocedure showed 38% Impurities Not originally described, but 7-H, <5%repetition of the procedure 7-OH, ~2% showed 7-H, 7-OH and BF₃ adductsIsolation of Not originally described, but Isolated by DCM 7-F productwas accomplished only by extraction of free preparative HPLC base.

As reported in Example 1, 7-diazasancycline*PF₆ can be isolated from thediazotization reaction of 7-aminosancycline as a solvate or a compoundcontaining residual solvent. Table 8 provides select examples of theresidual solvent content of 7-diazasancycline*PF₆ salts, and thecorresponding results of the thermal fluorination, expressed as HPLCpurity (AUC), after the thermal fluorination reaction. Entry 1corresponds to the thermal fluorination reported in Example 1, which wascarried out at 200 g scale. Entry 5 is a representative example of anon-solvated 7-diazasancycline*PF₆ salt, containing only residualsolvent.

TABLE 8 Residual solvent(s) HPLC purity Entry (by ¹H NMR) (%) 1 PhCF3,0.78 mol eq. 77 EtOAc, 2% 2 PhCF3, 0.82 mol eq. 68 EtOAc, 29% 3 Toluene,0.9 mol eq. 64 Ethyl acetate, 0.1 mol eq. 4 PhCF3, 0.3 mol eq. 68Diethyl ether 0.16 eq. THF 0.47 eq. 5 TBME, 10% 69 Heptane, 14% THF, <2%

Example 5. Photolytic Fluorination of 7-Diazosancycline Salts

A 1962 literature report (Hlavka J. J., et al., Journal of OrganicChem., Vol. 27, 1962, 3674-3675) disclosed the fluorination of7-diazosancycline tetrafluoroborate using light irradiation. Hlavka etal, reported the formation of 7-fluorosancycline without yield and thecomposition of other impurities.

In order to ascertain the utility of the Hlavka et al, procedure, theprocedure was repeated. Although the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength was notreported in the paper, it was found that 254 nm is quite effective.Using the Hlavka et al, procedure, approximately 11.9% of 7-F wasobtained, along with 26.3% 7-H and 29.9% 7-OAc as the two majorbyproducts. Thus, the ratio of 7-H:7-F:7-OAc was 2.2:1:2.5.

In order to improve both the yield and the purity of the photolyticfluorination of 7-diazosancycline, many solvents were screened. Theresults of this screen are reported in the Table 9. As can be seen fromTable 9, the reactions conducted in BMIM.BF₄, an ionic liquid, provided7-fluorosancycline in high yields without the formation of BF₃ adducts.

TABLE 9

Experiment X Solvent Condition 7-F 7-H 7-OH Comment(s) 272-24 BF₄ 48%HBF₄ h 

19 6   7 272-25 BF₄ DMSO h 

none major none 272-27 BF₄ HF/Py h 

tiny tiny none 272-48 BF₄ TFA, h 

some major minor water 272-52 BF₄ toluene h 

No Not soluble reaction 272-54 BF₄ CF₃- h

No Not soluble benzene overnight reaction 272-61 BF₄ ACN h 

tiny 272-62 BF₄ TFA h 

22% none 42% SM 29% 272-64 BF₄ Cone h 

none none major H₂SO₄ 272-72 BF₄ MeSO₃H h 

none 272-72 BF₄ NEt₃•HF h 

27%  36% 272-72 BF₄ HBF₄•Et₂O h 

53%   2% none Lots of BF3 adducts 272-72 BF₄ DCM, h 

tiny major Some MeOH 7-OMe 272-72 BF₄ NMP h 

none major none 272-72 BF₄ IPA/NEt₃ h 

none major none 272-74 BF₄ BMIM•BF₄ h 

55%  22% 272-75 BF₄ Cl₃CCN h 

some some Not soluble 272-75 BF₄ Water, NEt₃ h 

none major none 272-77 BF₄ DCM h 

1.4% 7.4% difluorotriphenylsilicate 272-31 PF₆ water h 

none 272-31 PF₆ DMSO h 

none 464-1 PF₆ BMIM•BF₄ h 

71.9 13.9 272-86 AsF₆ BMIM•BF₄ h 

40%  32% 2%

As a result of the experiments in BMIM.BF₄ reported in Table 9, thephotolytic fluorination of 7-diazosancycline was scaled up to 100 mg infour different ionic liquids. The results are summarized in Table 10.For example, when 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate(BMIM.BF4) was used as solvent in a 100-mg scale reaction, the reactiongave 58.8% 7-F together with 7-H (17.7%) as the major byproduct (seeExperiment 289-48 in Table 9). Using preparative HPLC, 70 mg wasisolated from this reaction as a mixture of 7-F and 7-H. The reaction inBMIM.BF4 was scaled up to 1 g, with a similar reaction profile by HPLC.

TABLE 10

Experiment Ionic liquid Time 7-F 7-H Comment(s) 289-48 I 18 h 59% 18%HPLC isolated 70 mg of 7-F and 7-H 289-49 II 40 h 55% 24% Isolated 45 mg289-58 III 24 h Very slow, most are decomposed 289-66 IV 18 h 57% 14% 25mg 7- diazosancycline*PF₆ ⁻ in 1 mL IV was used I:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMIM•BF₄) II:1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolim tetrafluoroborate III:1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate IV:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate

Example 6. Fluorination Reactions of 7-Diazo-9-Substituted Tetracyclines

Several fluorination conditions to produce eravacycline were explored.For example, 7-diazosancycline hexafluorophosphate can be transformedinto 7-fluorosancycline by heating 7-diazosancycline hexafluorophosphatein perfluorodecalin or perfluorooctane at 120° C. for 1 h. Bothreactions gave 36% 7-fluorosancycline by LC. The reactions were alsoscaled up to 100 mg, and the results were similar. The results of otherfluorination reactions to produce eravacycline are summarized in Table11.

TABLE 11

7-H + Experiment Solvent Condition(s) eravacycline epimer 7-OHComment(s) 289-52 mesitylene 150° C., 28%  19%  7% 40 min 289-52BMIM•BF₄ h 

, 18 h 35%  31% 289-53 o-xylene Microwave 31%  21%  8% SM 135° C.,remained 4.5 h 289-54 48% HBF₄ h 

, 5 h 38%  11% 26% 289-57 SiO₂ 135° C. 26%  18% 12% 289-57 PhCl 135° C.,1.5 h 36%  17%  7% 10% 7-C1 289-57 PhCl 125° C., 1.5 h Not complete289-65 PhCl 125° C., 3 h 22%  13%  5% Still not complete 289-62 48% HBF₄rt 100% Added Cu 289-68 MgSO₄ 140° C., 1 h 35%  19%  6% 289-81perfluorodecalin 120° C., 1 h 34%  19% 10% 289-81 perfluorooctane 120°C., 1 h 36%  19% 10%

Experiment 289-54 was scaled up to 150 mg of diazonium salt (see Example1). After preparative HPLC, 35 mg of eravacycline was obtained. A PF₆ ⁻diazonium salt was also prepared and subjected to photolyticfluorination conditions. However, the fluorination gave mostly 7-OH.

Fluorination reactions involving other 7-diazo-9-substitutedtetracyclines were also explored. The results of fluorination reactionsinvolving other 7-diazo-9-substituted tetracyclines are summarized inTable 12.

TABLE 12

Experiment R Solvent Condition(s) 7-F 7-H 7-OH Comment 272-50 —NMe₂ 48%HBF₄ h 

34% 5.4% 23% 272-60 —NO₂ toluene 135° C. none major 321-31 —NO₂perfluoromethyldecalin 135° C. major 272-78 —NO₂ BMIM•BF₄ h 

29%  25%  2% slow 272-84 —N(H)Ac o-xylene h 

tiny tiny messy 272-88 —N(H)Ac BMIM•BF₄ h 

39%  21% 289-7 —Br BMIM•BF₄ h 

18%  57% 289-13 MeOC(O)N(H)— 48% HBF₄ h 

36% none 21% 289-15 MeOC(O)N(H)— Water h 

none major none 289-15 MeOC(O)N(H)— 48% HBF₄ h 

46% none 25% 289-15 MeOC(O)N(H)— BMIM•BF₄ h 

56%  18%  9% 289-20 MeOC(O)N(H)— Mesitylene 150° C., 30%   5%  8% 19% SM40 min 289-20 MeOC(O)N(H)— BMIM•BF₄ h 

48%  20% 10% 289-17 CbzNH— BMIM•BF₄ h 

messy 289-19 CbzNH— Mesitylene 150° C. no 7-F 289-30 BnNH— 48% HBF₄ h 

none messy

The teachings of all patents, published applications and referencescited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound represented by Structural Formula I:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein: X is PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻or HSiF₆ ⁻; Y is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,nitro, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl wherein: each R^(A) and R^(B)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyland —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or R^(A) and R^(B) takentogether with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form aheterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the heterocycle or heteroaryloptionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, S and O; each R^(D) and eachR^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, or R^(D)and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which they are boundform a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, or a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl, whereinthe heterocyclyl formed by R^(D) and R^(E) optionally comprises one totwo additional heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, S and O; R^(F) is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and m is 0, 1or 2, wherein: each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl isoptionally and independently substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN; each alkyl in thegroup represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and R^(E) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl,wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R^(G) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 2. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein the compound represented by StructuralFormula I is a solvate or a salt and a solvate.
 3. The compound of claim2, wherein the compound represented by Structural Formula I is a(trifluoromethyl)benzene solvate.
 4. The compound of claim 1, whereinthe solvate comprises from about 0.1 to about 1.0 molar equivalents ofsolute per molar equivalent of the compound of Structural Formula I. 5.The compound of claim 4, wherein the solvate comprises about 0.8 molarequivalents of solute per molar equivalent of the compound of StructuralFormula I.
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is PF₆ ⁻.
 7. Thecompound of claim 1, wherein Y is hydrogen.
 8. The compound of claim 1,represented by Structural Formula Ib:

or a solvate thereof.
 9. A method of preparing a compound represented byStructural Formula II:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein: Y is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, halo, nitro, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl,carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl wherein: each R^(A) and R^(B)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyland —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or R^(A) and R^(B) takentogether with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form aheterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the heterocycle or heteroaryloptionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, S and O; each R^(D) and eachR^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, or R^(D)and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which they are boundform a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, or a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl, whereinthe heterocyclyl formed by R^(D) and R^(E) optionally comprises one totwo additional heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, S and O; R^(F) is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and m is 0, 1or 2, wherein: each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl isoptionally and independently substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN; each alkyl in thegroup represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and R^(E) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl,wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R^(G) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, the methodcomprising: heating a suspension comprising a non-polar organic solventand a compound of Structural Formula I:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein X is PF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻orHSiF₆ ⁻; and Y is as defined above for the compound of StructuralFormula II, at a temperature of from about 95° C. to about 200° C. toprovide the compound of Structural Formula II, or the salt, solvate orcombination thereof.
 10. A compound represented by Structural Formula X:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein: X′ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻,AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻; Y′ is selected from the group consisting of halo,nitro, —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl; R^(A) and R^(B) areindependently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyland —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or R^(A) and R^(B) takentogether with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form aheterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the heterocycle or heteroaryloptionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, S and O; R^(D) and R^(E) areeach independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; or R^(D)and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which they are boundform a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl or a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl, whereinthe heterocyclyl formed by R^(D) and R^(E) optionally comprises one ortwo additional heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, S and O; R^(F) is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and m is 0, 1or 2, wherein: each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl isoptionally and independently substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN; and each alkyl in thegroup represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and R^(E) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl,wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R^(G) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl.
 11. Amethod of preparing a compound represented by Structural Formula II:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein: Y is selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, halo, nitro, —(C₁-C₇)alkyl,carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₀₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—CH═N—OR^(A), —N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—[C(R^(D))(R^(E))]₁₋₄—N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—C(O)—N(R^(A))(R^(B)), —N(R^(F))—C(O)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)—OR^(A), —N(R^(F))—C(O)-heterocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-heteroaryl, —N(R^(F))—C(O)-carbocyclyl,—N(R^(F))—C(O)-aryl, —N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-N(R^(A))(R^(B)),—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-carbocyclyl, and—N(R^(F))—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkylene-aryl, wherein: each R^(A) and R^(B)are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl, —(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heterocyclyl,—(C₀-C₆)alkylene-heteroaryl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-carbocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-aryl,—(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heterocyclyl, —(C₁-C₆)alkylene-O-heteroaryl,—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-carbocyclyl,—(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-aryl, —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heterocyclyland —(C₀-C₄)alkylene-S(O)_(m)-heteroaryl; or R^(A) and R^(B) takentogether with the nitrogen atom to which they are bound form aheterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the heterocycle or heteroaryloptionally comprises 1 to 4 additional heteroatoms independentlyselected from the group consisting of N, S and O; each R^(D) and eachR^(E) is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen,(C₁-C₆)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, or R^(D)and R^(E) taken together with the carbon atom to which they are boundform a 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, or a 4-7 membered heterocyclyl, whereinthe heterocyclyl formed by R^(D) and R^(E) optionally comprises one totwo additional heteroatoms independently selected from the groupconsisting of N, S and O; R^(F) is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, (C₁-C₇)alkyl, carbocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and m is 0, 1or 2, wherein: each carbocyclyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl isoptionally and independently substituted with one or more substituentsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—OH, ═O, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,halo-substituted —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, halo-substituted —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—C(O)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —C(O)-(fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl),—S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —N(R^(G))(R^(G)), and CN; each alkyl in thegroup represented by R^(A), R^(B), R^(D) and R^(E) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of halo, —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —OH,—O—(C₁-C₇)alkyl, —(C₁-C₄)alkylene-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl,fluoro-substituted-(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —S(O)_(m)—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and—N(R^(G))(R^(G)), wherein each R^(G) is hydrogen or (C₁-C₄)alkyl,wherein each alkyl in the group represented by R^(G) is optionally andindependently substituted with one or more substituents independentlyselected from the group consisting of —(C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₃-C₆)cycloalkyl,halo, —OH, —O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and (C₁-C₄)alkyl-O—(C₁-C₄)alkyl, the methodcomprising: irradiating a solution comprising an ionic liquid and acompound of Structural Formula XI:

or a salt, solvate or combination thereof, wherein X′ is BF₄ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻,AsF₆ ⁻ or HSiF₆ ⁻; and Y is as defined above for the compound ofStructural Formula II, to provide the compound of Structural Formula II,or the salt, solvate or combination thereof.